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FOURTH AMENDMENT1199
SEARCH AND SEIZURE1199
SEARCH AND SEIZURE1199
History and Scope of the Amendment1199
History1199
Scope of the Amendment1200
The Interest Protected1205
Arrests and Other Detentions1209
Searches and Inspections in Noncriminal Cases1211
FOURTH AMENDMENT1215
SEARCH AND SEIZURE1215
Searches and Seizures Pursuant to Warrant1215
Issuance by Neutral Magistrate1216
Probable Cause1217
Particularity1220
First Amendment Bearing on Probable Cause and Particularity1221
Property Subject to Seizure1223
Execution of Warrants1226
FOURTH AMENDMENT1228
SEARCH AND SEIZURE1228
Valid Searches and Seizures Without Warrants1228
Detention Short of Arrest: Stop–and–Frisk1229
Search Incident to Arrest1234
Vehicular Searches1238
Vessel Searches1241
Consent Searches1242
Border Searches1243
Public Schools1246
Government Offices1247
Prisons and Regulation of Probation1247
Drug Testing1248
FOURTH AMENDMENT1250
SEARCH AND SEIZURE1250
Electronic Surveillance and the Fourth Amendment1250
The Olmstead Case1250
Federal Communications Act1251
Nontelephonic Electronic Surveillance1251
The Berger and Katz Cases1252
Warrantless “National Security” Electronic Surveillance1255
FOURTH AMENDMENT1257
SEARCH AND SEIZURE1257
Enforcing the Fourth Amendment: The Exclusionary Rule1257
Alternatives to the Exclusionary Rule1257
Development of the Exclusionary Rule1258
The Foundations of the Exclusionary Rule1262
Narrowing Application of the Exclusionary Rule1264
Operation of the Rule: Standing1269