This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (a), (b), (c), (e)(1), (f), and (g), was in the original “this title”. See References in Text note set out under section 78a of this title.

The Investment Company Act of 1940, referred to in subsec. (a)(4)(B)(v), (19), (47), (51)(A)(iii), is title I of act Aug. 20, 1940, ch. 686, 54 Stat. 789, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (§ 80a–1 et seq.) of chapter 2D of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 80a–51 of this title and Tables.

This chapter, referred to in subsec. (a)(4)(B)(vii)(II), was in the original “this Act”. See References in Text note set out under section 78a of this title.

Section 206 of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(4)(B)(ix), (5)(C)(iv), (54)(B), is section 206 of Pub. L. 106–102, which is set out as a note below.

The Investment Advisers Act of 1940, referred to in subsec. (a)(20), (47), is title II of act Aug. 20, 1940, ch. 686, 54 Stat. 847, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter II (§ 80b–1 et seq.) of chapter 2D of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 80b–20 of this title and Tables.

Section 78w (b) of this title, referred to in subsec. (a)(26), was omitted from the Code.

Section 103 of title 26, referred to in subsec. (a)(29), which related to interest on certain governmental obligations, was amended generally by Pub. L. 99–514, title XIII, § 1301(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2602, and, as so amended, relates to interest on State and local bonds. Section 103 (b)(2) (formerly section 103 (c)(2)), which prior to the general amendment defined industrial development bond, relates to the applicability of the interest exclusion to arbitrage bonds.

The Federal Deposit Insurance Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(34)(D), (F)(iii), (H)(iii), is act Sept. 21, 1950, ch. 967, § 2, 64 Stat. 873, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 16 (§ 1811 et seq.) of Title 12, Banks and Banking. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1811 of Title 12 and Tables.

The International Banking Act of 1978, referred to in subsec. (a)(34)(G)(i) to (iii), (46)(B), is Pub. L. 95–369, Sept. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 607, which enacted sections 347d, 611a, and 3101 to 3111 of Title 12, amended sections 72, 378, 614, 615, 618, 619, 1813, 1815, 1817, 1818, 1820, 1821, 1822, 1823, 1828, 1829b, 1831b, and 1841 of Title 12, and enacted provisions set out as notes under sections 36, 247, 601, 611a, and 3101 of Title 12. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 3101 of Title 12 and Tables.

Section 25 of the Federal Reserve Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(34)(G)(ii), is classified to subchapter I (§ 601 et seq.) of chapter 6 of Title 12, Banks and Banking. Section 25A of the Federal Reserve Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(34)(G)(ii), (H)(ii), is classified to subchapter II (§ 611 et seq.) of chapter 6 of Title 12.

The Commodity Exchange Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(39)(B)(ii), (C), (55)(A), is act Sept. 21, 1922, ch. 369, 42 Stat. 998, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 1 (§ 1 et seq.) of Title 7, Agriculture. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1 of Title 7 and Tables.

The Securities Act of 1933, referred to in subsec. (a)(47), is act May 27, 1933, ch. 38, title I, 48 Stat. 74, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter I (§ 77a et seq.) of chapter 2A of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 77a of this title and Tables.

The Securities Exchange Act of 1934, referred to in subsec. (a)(47), is act June 6, 1934, ch. 404, 48 Stat. 881, as amended, which is classified generally to this chapter (§ 78a et seq.). For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 78a of this title and Tables.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, referred to in subsec. (a)(47), is Pub. L. 107–204, July 30, 2002, 1974, 116 Stat. 745, which is classified principally to chapter 98 (§ 7201 et seq.) of this title. Section 2 of the Act enacted section 7201 of this title and amended this section. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.

The Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935, referred to in subsec. (a)(47), is title I of act Aug. 26, 1935, ch. 687, 49 Stat. 803, as amended, which was classified generally to chapter 2C (§ 79 et seq.) of this title, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 109–58, title XII, § 1263, Aug. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 974. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.

The Trust Indenture Act of 1939, referred to in subsec. (a)(47), is title III of act May 27, 1933, ch. 38, as added Aug. 3, 1939, ch. 411, 53 Stat. 1149, as amended, which is classified generally to subchapter III (§ 77aaa et seq.) of chapter 2A of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 77aaa of this title and Tables.

The Securities Investor Protection Act of 1970, referred to in subsec. (a)(47), is Pub. L. 91–598, Dec. 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 1636, as amended, which is classified generally to chapter 2B–1 (§ 78aaa et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 78aaa of this title and Tables.

Section 301(d) of the Small Business Investment Act of 1958, referred to in subsec. (a)(54)(A)(iv), was classified to section 681 (d) of this title and was repealed by Pub. L. 104–208, div. D, title II, § 208(b)(3)(A), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–742.

The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, referred to in subsec. (a)(54)(A)(v), is Pub. L. 93–406, Sept. 2, 1974, 88 Stat. 832, as amended, which is classified principally to chapter 18 (§ 1001 et seq.) of Title 29, Labor. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1001 of Title 29 and Tables.

Words “Philippine Islands” deleted from definition of term “State” in subsec. (a)(16) under authority of Proc. No. 2695, which granted independence to the Philippine Islands. Proc. No. 2695 was issued pursuant to section 1394 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse, and is set out as a note under that section.

2006—Subsec. (a)(4)(F). Pub. L. 109–351, § 101(a)(1), added subpar. (F).

Subsec. (a)(6)(A). Pub. L. 109–351, § 401(a)(1)(A), inserted “or a Federal savings association, as defined in section 1462 (5) of title 12” after “a banking institution organized under the laws of the United States”.

Subsec. (a)(6)(C). Pub. L. 109–351, § 401(a)(1)(B), inserted “or savings association, as defined in section 1462 (4) of title 12” after “other banking institution” and “or savings associations” after “having supervision over banks”.

Subsec. (a)(34). Pub. L. 109–351, § 401(a)(2)(G), inserted at end of concluding provisions “As used in this paragraph, the term ‘savings and loan holding company’ has the same meaning as in section 1467a (a) of title 12.”

Subsec. (a)(34)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 109–351, § 401(a)(2)(A)(i), substituted “clause (i), (iii), or (iv)” for “clause (i) or (iii)”.

Subsec. (a)(34)(A)(iv), (v). Pub. L. 109–351, § 401(a)(2)(A)(ii)–(iv), added cl. (iv) and redesignated former cl. (iv) as (v).

Subsec. (a)(34)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 109–351, § 401(a)(2)(B)(i), substituted “clause (i), (iii), or (iv)” for “clause (i) or (iii)”.

Subsec. (a)(34)(B)(iv), (v). Pub. L. 109–351, § 401(a)(2)(B)(ii)–(iv), added cl. (iv) and redesignated former cl. (iv) as (v).

Subsec. (a)(34)(C)(ii). Pub. L. 109–351, § 401(a)(2)(C)(i), substituted “clause (i), (iii), or (iv)” for “clause (i) or (iii)”.

Subsec. (a)(34)(C)(iv), (v). Pub. L. 109–351, § 401(a)(2)(C)(ii)–(iv), added cl. (iv) and redesignated former cl. (iv) as (v).

Subsec. (a)(34)(D)(iii), (iv). Pub. L. 109–351, § 401(a)(2)(D), added cl. (iii) and redesignated former cl. (iii) as (iv).

Subsec. (a)(34)(F)(ii) to (v). Pub. L. 109–351, § 401(a)(2)(E), added cl. (ii) and redesignated former cls. (ii) to (iv) as (iii) to (v), respectively.

Subsec. (a)(34)(H). Pub. L. 109–351, § 401(a)(2)(F), moved subpar. (H) and inserted it immediately after subpar. (G).

Subsec. (a)(60) to (64). Pub. L. 109–291 added pars. (60) to (64).

2004—Subsec. (a)(12)(C)(iv). Pub. L. 108–359 added cl. (iv).

Subsec. (a)(34)(A)(i), (B)(i), (C)(i), (D)(i), (F)(i). Pub. L. 108–386, § 8(f)(1), struck out “or a bank operating under the Code of Law for the District of Columbia” after “national bank”.

Subsec. (a)(34)(G)(i). Pub. L. 108–386, § 8(f)(2), struck out “, a bank in the District of Columbia examined by the Comptroller of the Currency,” after “national bank”.

Subsec. (a)(34)(H)(i). Pub. L. 108–386, § 8(f)(3), struck out “or a bank in the District of Columbia examined by the Comptroller of the Currency” after “national bank”.

Subsec. (a)(42)(B). Pub. L. 108–447 inserted “by the Tennessee Valley Authority or” after “issued or guaranteed”.

2002—Subsec. (a)(39)(F). Pub. L. 107–204, § 604(c)(1)(A), inserted “, or is subject to an order or finding,” before “enumerated” and substituted “(H), or (G)” for “or (G)”.

Subsec. (a)(47). Pub. L. 107–204, § 2(b), inserted “the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002,” before “the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935”.

Subsec. (a)(58), (59). Pub. L. 107–204, § 205(a), added pars. (58) and (59).

2000—Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(5) [title II, § 201(1)], inserted “security future,” after “treasury stock,”.

Subsec. (a)(11). Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(5) [title II, § 201(2)], added par. (11) and struck out former par. (11) which read as follows: “The term ‘equity security’ means any stock or similar security; or any security convertible, with or without consideration, into such a security, or carrying any warrant or right to subscribe to or purchase such a security; or any such warrant or right; or any other security which the Commission shall deem to be of similar nature and consider necessary or appropriate, by such rules and regulations as it may prescribe in the public interest or for the protection of investors, to treat as an equity security.”

Subsec. (a)(13), (14). Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(5) [title II, § 201(3), (4)], inserted at end “For security futures products, such term includes any contract, agreement, or transaction for future delivery.”

Subsec. (a)(55) to (57). Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(5) [title II, § 201(5)], added pars. (55) to (57).

1999—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 106–102, § 201, inserted heading and amended text of par. (4) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “The term ‘broker’ means any person engaged in the business of effecting transactions in securities for the account of others, but does not include a bank.”

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 106–102, § 202, inserted heading and amended text of par. (5) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: “The term ‘dealer’ means any person engaged in the business of buying and selling securities for his own account, through a broker or otherwise, but does not include a bank, or any person insofar as he buys or sells securities for his own account, either individually or in some fiduciary capacity, but not as a part of a regular business.”

Subsec. (a)(12)(A)(iii). Pub. L. 106–102, § 221(b), amended cl. (iii) generally. Prior to amendment, cl. (iii) read as follows: “any interest or participation in any common trust fund or similar fund maintained by a bank exclusively for the collective investment and reinvestment of assets contributed thereto by such bank in its capacity as trustee, executor, administrator, or guardian;”.

Subsec. (a)(34)(H). Pub. L. 106–102, § 231(b)(1), added subpar. (H) at end of par. (34).

Subsec. (a)(42)(E). Pub. L. 106–102, § 208, added subpar. (E).

Subsec. (a)(54). Pub. L. 106–102, § 207, added par. (54).

1998—Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 105–353, § 301(b)(1), substituted “deposit for” for “deposit, for”.

Subsec. (a)(12)(A)(vi). Pub. L. 105–353, § 301(b)(2), realigned margins.

Subsec. (a)(22)(A). Pub. L. 105–353, § 301(b)(3), substituted “section 153” for “section 153 (h)” and for “section 153 (t)”.

Subsec. (a)(39)(B)(i). Pub. L. 105–353, § 301(b)(4), substituted “of the Commission” for “to the Commission” in introductory provisions.

1996—Subsec. (a)(12)(A)(vi), (vii). Pub. L. 104–290, § 508(c)(1), added cl. (vi) and redesignated former cl. (vi) as (vii).

Subsecs. (f), (g). Pub. L. 104–290, §§ 106(b), 508 (c)(2), added subsecs. (f) and (g), respectively.

1995—Subsec. (a)(12)(A)(iv) to (vi). Pub. L. 104–62, § 4(a), struck out “and” at end of cl. (iv), added cl. (v), and redesignated former cl. (v) as (vi).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 104–62, § 4(b), added subsec. (e).

1994—Subsec. (a)(41)(A)(i). Pub. L. 103–325, § 347(a), substituted “on a residential” for “or on a residential” and inserted before semicolon “, or on one or more parcels of real estate upon which is located one or more commercial structures”.

Subsec. (a)(53). Pub. L. 103–325, § 202, added par. (53).

1993—Subsec. (a)(12)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 103–202, § 106(b)(2)(A), substituted “sections 78o and 78q–1” for “sections 78o, 78o–3 (other than subsection (g)(3)), and 78q–1”.

Subsec. (a)(34)(G)(ii) to (iv). Pub. L. 103–202, § 109(a)(1), amended cls. (ii) to (iv) generally. Prior to amendment, cls. (ii) to (iv) read as follows:

“(ii) the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, in the case of a State member bank of the Federal Reserve System, a foreign bank, a State branch or a State agency of a foreign bank, or a commercial lending company owned or controlled by a foreign bank (as such terms are used in the International Banking Act of 1978);

“(iii) the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, in the case of a bank insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (other than a member of the Federal Reserve System or a Federal savings bank);

“(iv) the Director of the Office of Thrift Supervision, in the case of a savings association the deposits of which are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation;”.

Subsec. (a)(46). Pub. L. 103–202, § 109(a)(2), amended par. (46) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (46) read as follows: “The term ‘financial institution’ means (A) a bank (as such term is defined in paragraph (6) of this subsection), (B) a foreign bank, and (C) an insured institution (as such term is defined in section 1724 of title 12).”

Subsec. (a)(52). Pub. L. 103–202, § 109(a)(3), redesignated par. (51) defining “foreign financial regulatory authority” as (52).

1990—Subsec. (a)(39)(A). Pub. L. 101–550, § 203(b)(1), inserted “foreign equivalent of a self-regulatory organization, foreign or international securities exchange,” after “self-regulatory organization,”, “or any substantially equivalent foreign statute or regulation,” after “(7 U.S.C. 7),” and “(7 U.S.C. 21),”, and “or foreign equivalent” after “contract market”.

Subsec. (a)(39)(B). Pub. L. 101–550, § 203(b)(2), added subpar. (B) and struck out former subpar. (B) which read as follows: “is subject to an order of the Commission or other appropriate regulatory agency denying, suspending for a period not exceeding twelve months, or revoking his registration as a broker, dealer, municipal securities dealer, government securities broker, or government securities dealer, or barring or suspending for a period not exceeding 12 months his being associated with a broker, dealer, municipal securities dealer, government securities broker, or government securities dealer, or is subject to an order of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission denying, suspending, or revoking his registration under the Commodity Exchange Act (7 U.S.C. 1 et seq.);”.

Subsec. (a)(39)(D). Pub. L. 101–550, § 203(b)(4), added subpar. (D). Former subpar. (D) redesignated (E).

Subsec. (a)(39)(E). Pub. L. 101–550, § 203(b)(3), (5), redesignated subpar. (D) as (E) and substituted “(A), (B), (C), or (D)” for “(A), (B), or (C)”. Former subpar. (E) redesignated (F).

Subsec. (a)(39)(F). Pub. L. 101–550, § 203(b)(3), (6), redesignated subpar. (E) as (F), substituted “(D), (E), or (G)” for “(D) or (E)”, and inserted “or any other felony” before “within ten years”.

Subsec. (a)(51). Pub. L. 101–550, § 204, added par. (51) defining “foreign financial regulatory authority”.

Pub. L. 101–429 added par. (51) defining “penny stock”.

1989—Subsec. (a)(34). Pub. L. 101–73, § 744(u)(1)(B), substituted “Office of Thrift Supervision” for “Federal Home Loan Bank Board” in concluding provisions.

Subsec. (a)(34)(G)(iv) to (vi). Pub. L. 101–73, § 744(u)(1)(A), added cl. (iv), redesignated cl. (vi) as (v), and struck out former cls. (iv) and (v) which read as follows:

“(iv) the Federal Home Loan Bank Board, in the case of a Federal savings and loan association, Federal savings bank, or District of Columbia savings and loan association;

“(v) the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation, in the case of an institution insured by the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation (other than a Federal savings and loan association, Federal savings bank, or District of Columbia savings and loan association);”.

1988—Subsec. (a)(50). Pub. L. 100–704 added par. (50).

1987—Subsec. (a)(6)(C). Pub. L. 100–181, § 301, substituted “under the authority of the Comptroller of the Currency pursuant to section 92a of title 12” for “under section 11(k) of the Federal Reserve Act, as amended”.

Subsec. (a)(16). Pub. L. 100–181, § 302, struck out reference to Canal Zone.

Subsec. (a)(22)(B). Pub. L. 100–181, § 303, substituted “association, or any” and “own behalf, in” for “association or any” and “own behalf in”, respectively.

Subsec. (a)(34)(C)(ii). Pub. L. 100–181, § 304, substituted “State” for “state”.

Subsec. (a)(39)(B). Pub. L. 100–181, § 305, substituted “months, or revoking” for “months, revoking” and “barring or suspending for a period not exceeding 12 months his” for “barring his”.

Subsec. (a)(47). Pub. L. 100–181, § 306(1), added par. (47).

Subsec. (a)(49). Pub. L. 100–181, § 306(2), added par. (49).

1986—Subsec. (a)(12). Pub. L. 99–571, § 102(a), in amending par. (12) generally, expanded definition of “exempted security” or “exempted securities” to include government securities as defined in par. (42) of this subsection, provided that such securities not be deemed exempt for purposes of section 78q–1 of this title, substituted section 78o–3 (g)(3) of this title for section 78o–3 (b)(6), (11), and (g)(2) of this title in provision relating to municipal securities as not being “exempted securities” and defined “qualified plan” to mean qualified stock bonus, pension, or profit-sharing plan, qualified annuity plan, or governmental plan.

Pub. L. 99–514 substituted “Internal Revenue Code of 1986” for “Internal Revenue Code of 1954”, which for purposes of codification was translated as “title 26” thus requiring no change in text.

Subsec. (a)(29). Pub. L. 99–514 substituted “Internal Revenue Code of 1986” for “Internal Revenue Code of 1954”, which for purposes of codification was translated as “title 26” thus requiring no change in text.

Subsec. (a)(34). Pub. L. 99–571, § 102(b)(2), inserted “, and the term ‘District of Columbia savings and loan association’ means any association subject to examination and supervision by the Federal Home Loan Bank Board under section 1466a of title 12” in concluding provisions.

Subsec. (a)(34)(G). Pub. L. 99–571, § 102(b)(1), added subpar. (G).

Subsec. (a)(39)(B). Pub. L. 99–571, § 102(c)(1)(A), which directed insertion of “or other appropriate regulatory agency” after “Commission” was executed by making the insertion after “Commission” the first place appearing as the probable intent of Congress.

Pub. L. 99–571, § 102(c)(1)(B), substituted “municipal securities dealer, government securities broker, or government securities dealer” for “or municipal securities dealer” in two places.

Subsec. (a)(39)(C). Pub. L. 99–571, § 102(c)(2), substituted “municipal securities dealer, government securities broker, or government securities dealer” for “or municipal securities dealer” and inserted “, an appropriate regulatory agency,” after “the Commission”.

Subsec. (a)(42) to (46), (48). Pub. L. 99–571, § 102(d), added pars. (42) to (46) and (48).

1984—Subsec. (a)(39)(A). Pub. L. 98–376, § 6(a)(1), inserted “, contract market designated pursuant to section 5 of the Commodity Exchange Act (7 U.S.C. 7), or futures association registered under section 17 of such Act (7 U.S.C. 21), or has been and is denied trading privileges on any such contract market”.

Subsec. (a)(39)(B). Pub. L. 98–376, § 6(a)(2), inserted “, or is subject to an order of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission denying, suspending, or revoking his registration under the Commodity Exchange Act (7 U.S.C. 1 et seq.)”.

Subsec. (a)(39)(C). Pub. L. 98–376, § 6(a)(3), inserted “or while associated with an entity or person required to be registered under the Commodity Exchange Act,”.

Subsec. (a)(41). Pub. L. 98–440 added par. (41).

1982—Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 97–303 inserted “any put, call, straddle, option, or privilege on any security, certificate of deposit, or group or index of securities (including any interest therein or based on the value thereof), or any put, call, straddle, option, or privilege entered into on a national securities exchange relating to foreign currency,” after “for a security,”.

1980—Subsec. (a)(12). Pub. L. 96–477 included within definition of “exempted security” interests or participation in single trust funds, provided that qualifying interests, participation, or securities could be issued in connection with certain governmental plans as defined in section 414 (d) of title 26, substituted provisions relating to securities arising out of contracts issued by insurance companies for provisions relating to separate accounts maintained by insurance companies, and excluded from definition of “exempted security” any plans described in cls. (A), (B), or (C) of par. (12) which were funded by annuity contracts described in section 403 (b) of title 26.

1978—Subsec. (a)(40). Pub. L. 95–283 added par. (40).

1975—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 94–29, § 3(1), redefined term “member” to recognize the elimination of fixed commission rates in the case of exchanges, inserted definition of term when used in the case of registered securities associations, expanded definition of term when used with respect to an exchange to include any natural person permitted to effect transactions on the floor of an exchange without the services of another person acting as broker, any registered broker or dealer with which such natural person is associated, any registered broker or dealer permitted to designate a natural person as its representative on the floor of an exchange, and any other registered broker or dealer which agrees to be regulated by an exchange and with respect to whom the exchange has undertaken to enforce compliance with its rules, this chapter, and the rules and regulations thereunder, introduced the concept of including among members any person required to comply with the rules of an exchange to the extent specified by the Commission in accordance with section 78f (f) of this title, and expanded definition of term when used with respect to a registered securities association to include any broker or dealer who has agreed to be regulated and with respect to whom the association undertakes to enforce compliance with its own rules, this chapter, and the rules and regulations thereunder.

Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 94–29, § 3(2), substituted “a natural person, company, government, or political subdivision, agency, or instrumentality of a government” for “an individual, a corporation, a partnership, an association, a joint-stock company, a business trust, or an unincorporated organization”.

Subsec. (a)(12). Pub. L. 94–29, § 3(3), brought brokers and dealers engaged exclusively in municipal securities business within the registration provisions of this chapter by transferring the existing description of municipal securities to subsec. (a)(29) and by inserting in its place provisions revoking the exempt status of municipal securities for purposes of sections 78o, 78o–3 (except subsections (b)(6), (b)(11), and (g)(2) thereof) and 78q–1 of this title.

Subsec. (a)(17). Pub. L. 94–29, § 3(4), expanded definition of “interstate commerce” to establish that the intrastate use of any facility of an exchange, any telephones or other interstate means of communication, or any other interstate instrumentality constitutes a use of the jurisdictional means for purposes of this chapter.

Subsec. (a)(18). Pub. L. 94–29, § 3(4), expanded definition to include persons under common control with the broker or dealer and struck out references to the classification of the persons, including employees, controlled by a broker or a dealer.

Subsec. (a)(19). Pub. L. 94–29, § 3(4), substituted “ ‘separate account’, and ‘company’ ” for “and ‘separate account’.”

Subsec. (a)(21). Pub. L. 94–29, § 3(5), broadened definition of term “person associated with a member” to encompass a person associated with a broker or dealer which is a member of an exchange by restating directly the definition of a “person associated with a broker or dealer” in subsec. (a)(18).

Subsec. (a)(22) to (39). Pub. L. 94–29, § 3(6), added pars. (22) to (39).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–29, § 3(7), substituted “accounting, and other terms used in this chapter, consistently with the provisions and purposes of this chapter” for “and accounting terms used in this chapter insofar as such definitions are not inconsistent with the provisions of this chapter”.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 94–29, § 3(8), added subsec. (d).

1970—Subsec. (a)(12). Pub. L. 91–567 inserted provisions which brought within definition of “exempted security” any security which is an industrial development bond the interest on which is excludable from gross income under section 103 (a)(1) of title 26 if, by reason of the application of section 103(c)(4) or (6) of title 26, section 103 (c)(1) does not apply to such security. Such amendment was also made by Pub. L. 91–373.

Pub. L. 91–547, § 28(a), struck out reference to industrial development bonds the interest on which is excludable from gross income under section 103 (a)(1) of title 26; and included as exempted securities interests or participations in common trust funds maintained by a bank for collective investment of assets held by it in a fiduciary capacity; interests or participations in bank collective trust funds maintained for funding of employees’ stock-bonus, pension, or profit-sharing plans; interests or participations in separate accounts maintained by insurance companies for funding certain stock-bonus, pension, or profit-sharing plans which meet the requirements for qualification under section 401 of title 26; and such other securities as the Commission by rules and regulations deems necessary in the public interest.

Pub. L. 91–373 inserted provisions which brought within definition of “exempted security” any security which is an industrial development bond the interest on which is excludable from gross income under section 103 (a)(1) of title 26 if, by reason of the application of section 103(c)(4) or (6) of title 26, section 103 (c)(1) does not apply to such security. Such amendment was also made by Pub. L. 91–567.

Subsec. (a)(19). Pub. L. 91–547, § 28(b), provided for term “separate account” the same meaning as in the Investment Company Act of 1940.

1964—Subsec. (a)(18) to (21). Pub. L. 88–467 added pars. (18) to (21).

1960—Subsec. (a)(16). Pub. L. 86–624 struck out reference to Hawaii.

1959—Subsec. (a)(16). Pub. L. 86–70 struck out reference to Alaska.

Act Aug. 23, 1935, substituted “Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System” for “Federal Reserve Board”.

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–386 effective Oct. 30, 2004, and, except as otherwise provided, applicable with respect to fiscal year 2005 and each succeeding fiscal year, see sections 8(i) and 9 of Pub. L. 108–386, set out as notes under section 321 of Title 12, Banks and Banking.

Amendment by sections 201, 202, 207, and 208 of Pub. L. 106–102 effective at the end of the 18-month period beginning on Nov. 12, 1999, see section 209 of Pub. L. 106–102, set out as a note under section 1828 of Title 12, Banks and Banking.

Amendment by section 221(b) of Pub. L. 106–102 effective 18 months after Nov. 12, 1999, see section 225 of Pub. L. 106–102, set out as a note under section 77c of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–62 applicable as defense to any claim in administrative and judicial actions pending on or commenced after Dec. 8, 1995, that any person, security, interest, or participation of type described in Pub. L. 104–62 is subject to the Securities Act of 1933, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Investment Company Act of 1940, the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, or any State statute or regulation preempted as provided in section 80a–3a of this title, except as specifically provided in such statutes, see section 7 of Pub. L. 104–62, set out as a note under section 77c of this title.

Amendment by section 347(a) of Pub. L. 103–325 effective upon date of promulgation of final regulations under section 347(c) of Pub. L. 103–325, see section 347(d) of Pub. L. 103–325, set out as an Effective Date of 1994 Amendment note under section 24 of Title 12, Banks and Banking.

Amendment by Pub. L. 101–429 effective 12 months after Oct. 15, 1990, or upon issuance of final regulations initially implementing such amendment, whichever is earlier, with provision to commence rulemaking proceedings to implement such amendment note later than 180 days after Oct. 15, 1990, and with provisions relating to civil penalties and accounting and disgorgement, see section 1(c)(2), (3)(A), (C) of Pub. L. 101–429, set out in a note under section 77g of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 100–704, except for amendment by section 6, not applicable to actions occurring before Nov. 19, 1988, see section 9 of Pub. L. 100–704, set out as a note under section 78o of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 99–571 effective 270 days after Oct. 28, 1986, see section 401 of Pub. L. 99–571, set out as an Effective Date note under section 78o–5 of this title.

Section 7 of Pub. L. 98–376 provided that: “The amendments made by this Act [amending this section and sections 78o, 78t, 78u, and 78ff of this title] shall become effective immediately upon enactment of this Act [Aug. 10, 1984].”

Amendment by Pub. L. 94–29 effective June 4, 1975, except for amendment of subsec. (a)(12) by Pub. L. 94–29 to be effective 180 days after June 4, 1975, with provisions of subsec. (a)(3), as amended by Pub. L. 94–29, or rules or regulations thereunder, not to apply in a way so as to deprive any person of membership in any national securities exchange (or its successor) of which such person was, on June 4, 1975, a member or a member firm as defined in the constitution of such exchange, or so as to deny membership in any such exchange (or its successor) to any natural person who is or becomes associated with such member or member firm, see section 31(a) of Pub. L. 94–29, set out as a note under section 78b of this title.

For effective date of amendment by Pub. L. 91–567, see section 6(d) of Pub. L. 91–567, set out as a note under section 77c of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 91–547 effective Dec. 14, 1970, see section 30 of Pub L. 91–547, set out as a note under section 80a–52 of this title.

For effective date of amendment by Pub. L. 91–373, see section 401(c) of Pub. L. 91–373, set out as a note under section 77c of this title.

Section 13 of Pub. L. 88–467 provided that: “The amendments made by this Act shall take effect as follows:

“(1) The effective date of section 12(g)(1) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as added by section 3(c) of this Act [section 78l (g)(1) of this title], shall be July 1, 1964.

“(2) The effective date of the amendments to sections 12(b) and 15(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 [sections 78l (b) and 78o (a) of this title], contained in sections 3 (a) and 6 (a), respectively, of this Act shall be July 1, 1964.

“(3) All other amendments contained in this Act [amending this section and sections 77d, 78l, 78m, 78n, 78o, 78o–3, 78p, 78t, 78w, and 78ff of this title] shall take effect on the date of its enactment [Aug. 20, 1964].”

Pub. L. 109–351, title I, § 101(a)(2)–(c), Oct. 13, 2006, 120 Stat. 1968, provided that:

“(2) Timing.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 13, 2006], the Securities and Exchange Commission (in this section [enacting this note and amending 15 U.S.C. 78c] referred to as the ‘Commission’) and the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (hereafter in this section referred to as the ‘Board’) shall jointly issue a proposed single set of rules or regulations to define the term ‘broker’ in accordance with section 3(a)(4) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 [15 U.S.C. 78c (a)(4)], as amended by this subsection.

“(3) Rulemaking supersedes previous rulemaking.—A final single set of rules or regulations jointly adopted in accordance with this section shall supersede any other proposed or final rule issued by the Commission on or after the date of enactment of section 201 of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act [Nov. 12, 1999] with regard to the exceptions to the definition of a broker under section 3(a)(4)(B) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. No such other rule, whether or not issued in final form, shall have any force or effect on or after that date of enactment.

“(b) Consultation.—Prior to jointly adopting the single set of final rules or regulations required by this section, the Commission and the Board shall consult with and seek the concurrence of the Federal banking agencies concerning the content of such rulemaking in implementing section 3(a)(4)(B) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 [15 U.S.C. 78c (a)(4)(B)], as amended by this section and section 201 of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act [Pub. L. 106–102].

“(c) Definition.—For purposes of this section, the term ‘Federal banking agencies’ means the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, the Office of Thrift Supervision, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.”

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–202 not to be construed to govern initial issuance of any public debt obligation or to grant any authority to (or extend any authority of) the Securities and Exchange Commission, any appropriate regulatory agency, or a self-regulatory organization to prescribe any procedure, term, or condition of such initial issuance, to promulgate any rule or regulation governing such initial issuance, or to otherwise regulate in any manner such initial issuance, see section 111 of Pub. L. 103–202, set out as a note under section 78o–5 of this title.

For transfer of functions of Securities and Exchange Commission, with certain exceptions, to Chairman of such Commission, see Reorg. Plan No. 10 of 1950, §§ 1, 2, eff. May 24, 1950, 15 F.R. 3175, 64 Stat. 1265, set out under section 78d of this title.

Section 347(e) of Pub. L. 103–325 provided that: “Notwithstanding the amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 24 of Title 12, Banks and Banking], a note that is directly secured by a first lien on one or more parcels of real estate upon which is located one or more commercial structures shall not be considered to be a mortgage related security under section 3(a)(41) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 [15 U.S.C. 78c (a)(41)] in any State that, prior to the expiration of 7 years after the date of enactment of this Act [Sept. 23, 1994], enacts a statute that specifically refers to this section and either prohibits or provides for a more limited authority to purchase, hold, or invest in such securities by any person, trust, corporation, partnership, association, business trust, or business entity or class thereof than is provided by the amendments made by this subsection. The enactment by any State of any statute of the type described in the preceding sentence shall not affect the validity of any contractual commitment to purchase, hold, or invest that was made prior thereto, and shall not require the sale or other disposition of any securities acquired prior thereto.”

Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(5) [title III, § 301(b)], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–451, provided that: “As used in the amendment made by subsection (a) [enacting sections 206A to 206C of Pub. L. 106—102, set out below], the term ‘security’ has the same meaning as in section 2(a)(1) of the Securities Act of 1933 [15 U.S.C. 77b (a)(1)] or section 3(a)(10) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 [15 U.S.C. 78c (a)(10)].”

Pub. L. 106–102, title II, § 206, Nov. 12, 1999, 113 Stat. 1393, provided that:

“(a) Definition of Identified Banking Product.—For purposes of paragraphs (4) and (5) of section 3(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78c (a)(4), (5)), the term ‘identified banking product’ means—

“(1) a deposit account, savings account, certificate of deposit, or other deposit instrument issued by a bank;

“(2) a banker’s acceptance;

“(3) a letter of credit issued or loan made by a bank;

“(4) a debit account at a bank arising from a credit card or similar arrangement;

“(5) a participation in a loan which the bank or an affiliate of the bank (other than a broker or dealer) funds, participates in, or owns that is sold—

“(A) to qualified investors; or

“(B) to other persons that—

“(i) have the opportunity to review and assess any material information, including information regarding the borrower’s creditworthiness; and

“(ii) based on such factors as financial sophistication, net worth, and knowledge and experience in financial matters, have the capability to evaluate the information available, as determined under generally applicable banking standards or guidelines; or

“(6) any swap agreement, including credit and equity swaps, except that an equity swap that is sold directly to any person other than a qualified investor (as defined in section 3(a)(54) of the Securities Act of 1934 [15 U.S.C. 78c (a)(54)]) shall not be treated as an identified banking product.

“(b) Definition of Swap Agreement.—For purposes of subsection (a)(6), the term ‘swap agreement’ means any individually negotiated contract, agreement, warrant, note, or option that is based, in whole or in part, on the value of, any interest in, or any quantitative measure or the occurrence of any event relating to, one or more commodities, securities, currencies, interest or other rates, indices, or other assets, but does not include any other identified banking product, as defined in paragraphs (1) through (5) of subsection (a).

“(c) Classification Limited.—Classification of a particular product as an identified banking product pursuant to this section shall not be construed as finding or implying that such product is or is not a security for any purpose under the securities laws, or is or is not an account, agreement, contract, or transaction for any purpose under the Commodity Exchange Act [7 U.S.C. 1 et seq.].

“(d) Incorporated Definitions.—For purposes of this section, the terms ‘bank’ and ‘qualified investor’ have the same meanings as given in section 3(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 [15 U.S.C. 78c (a)], as amended by this Act.”

Pub. L. 106–102, title II, §§ 206A—206C, as added by Pub. L. 106–554, § 1(a)(5) [title III, § 301(a)], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–449, provided that:

“(a) In General.—Except as provided in subsection (b), as used in this section, the term ‘swap agreement’ means any agreement, contract, or transaction between eligible contract participants (as defined in section 1a(12) of the Commodity Exchange Act [7 U.S.C. 1a (12)] as in effect on the date of the enactment of this section [Dec. 21, 2000]), other than a person that is an eligible contract participant under section 1a(12)(C) of the Commodity Exchange Act, the material terms of which (other than price and quantity) are subject to individual negotiation, and that—

“(1) is a put, call, cap, floor, collar, or similar option of any kind for the purchase or sale of, or based on the value of, one or more interest or other rates, currencies, commodities, indices, quantitative measures, or other financial or economic interests or property of any kind;

“(2) provides for any purchase, sale, payment or delivery (other than a dividend on an equity security) that is dependent on the occurrence, non-occurrence, or the extent of the occurrence of an event or contingency associated with a potential financial, economic, or commercial consequence;

“(3) provides on an executory basis for the exchange, on a fixed or contingent basis, of one or more payments based on the value or level of one or more interest or other rates, currencies, commodities, securities, instruments of indebtedness, indices, quantitative measures, or other financial or economic interests or property of any kind, or any interest therein or based on the value thereof, and that transfers, as between the parties to the transaction, in whole or in part, the financial risk associated with a future change in any such value or level without also conveying a current or future direct or indirect ownership interest in an asset (including any enterprise or investment pool) or liability that incorporates the financial risk so transferred, including any such agreement, contract, or transaction commonly known as an interest rate swap, including a rate floor, rate cap, rate collar, cross-currency rate swap, basis swap, currency swap, equity index swap, equity swap, debt index swap, debt swap, credit spread, credit default swap, credit swap, weather swap, or commodity swap;

“(4) provides for the purchase or sale, on a fixed or contingent basis, of any commodity, currency, instrument, interest, right, service, good, article, or property of any kind; or

“(5) is any combination or permutation of, or option on, any agreement, contract, or transaction described in any of paragraphs (1) through (4).

“(b) Exclusions.—The term ‘swap agreement’ does not include—

“(1) any put, call, straddle, option, or privilege on any security, certificate of deposit, or group or index of securities, including any interest therein or based on the value thereof;

“(2) any put, call, straddle, option, or privilege entered into on a national securities exchange registered pursuant to section 6(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 [15 U.S.C. 78f (a)] relating to foreign currency;

“(3) any agreement, contract, or transaction providing for the purchase or sale of one or more securities on a fixed basis;

“(4) any agreement, contract, or transaction providing for the purchase or sale of one or more securities on a contingent basis, unless such agreement, contract, or transaction predicates such purchase or sale on the occurrence of a bona fide contingency that might reasonably be expected to affect or be affected by the creditworthiness of a party other than a party to the agreement, contract, or transaction;

“(5) any note, bond, or evidence of indebtedness that is a security as defined in section 2(a)(1) of the Securities Act of 1933 [15 U.S.C. 77b (a)(1)] or section 3(a)(10) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 [15 U.S.C. 78c (a)(10)]; or

“(6) any agreement, contract, or transaction that is—

“(A) based on a security; and

“(B) entered into directly or through an underwriter (as defined in section 2(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 [15 U.S.C. 77b (a)]) by the issuer of such security for the purposes of raising capital, unless such agreement, contract, or transaction is entered into to manage a risk associated with capital raising.

“(c) Rule of Construction Regarding Master Agreements.—As used in this section, the term ‘swap agreement’ shall be construed to include a master agreement that provides for an agreement, contract, or transaction that is a swap agreement pursuant to subsections (a) and (b), together with all supplements to any such master agreement, without regard to whether the master agreement contains an agreement, contract, or transaction that is not a swap agreement pursuant to subsections (a) and (b), except that the master agreement shall be considered to be a swap agreement only with respect to each agreement, contract, or transaction under the master agreement that is a swap agreement pursuant to subsections (a) and (b).

“As used in this section, the term ‘security-based swap agreement’ means a swap agreement (as defined in section 206A) of which a material term is based on the price, yield, value, or volatility of any security or any group or index of securities, or any interest therein.

“As used in this section, the term ‘non-security-based swap agreement’ means any swap agreement (as defined in section 206A) that is not a security-based swap agreement (as defined in section 206B).”